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Adult monarch butterflies show high tolerance to neonicotinoid insecticides
Results show that adult monarchs tolerate field-relevant doses as high as 54 ng/mL for imidacloprid and 75 ng/mL for clothianidin, with minimal lethal or sub-lethal effects until much higher doses are supplied. We conclude that adult monarchs are more tolerant of ingested clothianidin and imidacloprid than indicated by previous research.
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Evaluating the efficacy of common treatments used for Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. control
Vairimorpha (formerly Nosema) apis and V. ceranae are microsporidian pathogens that are of concern for managed honey bee colonies. Multiple treatments have been proposed to be effective in reducing the prevalence and intensity of Vairimorpha spp. infections. Here, we test the efficacy of these products in one lab-based experiment and three field experiments.